Американская военная машина. Глубинная политика, глобальная связь ЦРУ с наркотиками и путь в Афганистан - Питер Дейл Скотт

only 16 percent of all national income. The government admits that the number of Mexicans living in extreme poverty has grown to 22 million, an increase over just the last 15 months of 5 million people, roughly equal to the population of Scotland.” In 2008 a report from the Organization for Economic Development reported that of its 30 member states, Mexico had the largest gap between its wealthiest and poorest households, followed in order by Turkey and the United States. Mexico’s poverty rate was also the highest, at more than 20 percent (Jim Lobe, “Rich-Poor Divide Worst among Rich Countries,” Institute for Policy Studies, October 21, 2008, http://ipsnews

.net/news.asp?idnews=44381).

110. Chris Humphrey, “Narcotic, Economics, and Drug Production in the Southern States,” http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/lac/lacinfoclient.nsf/d29684951174975c85256735007fef12/63a3f4e71ce14d2385256dc500661aaf/$FILE/Mexico%20South

States%20Narcotics%20and%20Poverty.pdf.

111. Wall Street Journal, September 30, 1998.

112. George Soros, The Crisis of Global Capitalism (New York: Public Affairs, 1998), 117.

113. See, e.g., Pedro-Pablo Kuczynski and John Williamson, After the Washington Consensus: Restoring Growth and Reform in Latin America (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 2003). John Williamson originally coined the phrase “Washington consensus” in 1990.

114. Amy Chua, World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability (New York: Doubleday, 2003), 14.

115. Chua, World on Fire, 195.

116. Castañeda, The Mexican Shock, 239.

117. Andres Oppenheimer, Bordering on Chaos: Mexico’s Roller-Coaster Journey Toward Prosperity (Boston: Little, Brown, 1998), 90–93: “Mexico in the early nineties was similar to American capitalism in the late 1870s. . . . Like the American ‘Robber Barons’ of their time, the Mexico Twelve were making a fortune from their close partnership with the government.” What Oppenheimer writes of the Mexico Twelve in Mexico could be said also of Halliburton and Enron in Washington.

118. Tom Barry, Harry Browne, and Beth Sims, The Great Divide: The Challenge of U.S.-Mexico Relations in the 1990s (New York: Grove Press, 1994), 69.

119. New York Times, July 20, 1996.

120. Oppenheimer, Bordering on Chaos, 5, 164.

121. Christian Science Monitor, July 15, 1996.

122. Cf. Oppenheimer, Bordering on Chaos, 306–7.

123. Arguments for this can be found in 1996 issues of Money Laundering Alert, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/mexico/family/citibankaffair.html. Cf. Stephen Bender, “American Banks and the War on Drugs,” Z Magazine, March 2001, http://www.zmag.org/ZMag/articles/mar01bender.htm.

124. Cf. “Mexican Governor Pleads Not Guilty to Drug Charges in US,” AFP, May 10, 2010. The problem of bank-assisted theft was of course not confined to Mexico. “Sani Abacha, Nigeria’s former dictator, looted his nation of $110 million, also laundered for him by Citibank” (Chalmers Johnson, The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy and the End of the Republic [New York: Metropolitan/Henry Holt, 2004], 274).

125. Stephen Bender, “American Banks and the War on Drugs,” Z Magazine, March 2001; http://www.zmag.org/ZMag/articles/mar01bender.htm. The Minority Staff Report is at http://govt-aff.senate.gov/110999_report.htm.

126. Guilhem Fabre, “Prospering on Crime: Money Laundering and Financial Crises,” http://www.mamacoca.org/FSMT_sept_2003/en/doc/fabre_prospering_on

_crime_en.htm. Details in Guilhem Fabre, Criminal Prosperity: Drug Trafficking, Money Laundering and Financial Crises after the Cold War (London: Routledge/Curzon, 2002), chap. 5.

127. Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 198, 207.

128. Before the first loan was issued in 1982, the U.S. government had already ascertained from DEA and CIA that the profits from drug exports for Colombia and Mexico “probably represent 75 percent of source-country export earnings” (James Mills, The Underground Empire: Where Crime and Government Embrace [New York: Dell, 1986], 1135, 1181).

129. Reforma (Mexico City), May 22, 1996, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/

frontline/shows/mexico/news/reforma.html. An article in Proceso, February 16, 1997, based on heavily censored U.S. court documents, reproduced the allegations of a woman who claimed to have delivered payments of from $300,000 to $1 million to Raúl’s brother-in-law, José Ruiz Massieu. Cf. Charles Bowden, Down by the River: Drugs, Money, Murder, and Family (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002), 167.

130. CNN, May 18, 1998.

131. Sally Denton and Roger Morris, The Money and the Power: The Making of Las Vegas and Its Hold on America, 1947–2000 (New York: Knopf, 2001), prologue. Sally Denton later enlarged on the details: “When it became clear 70 United States, American, banks were involved, had the complicity, knew about every single one of the wire-transfers and transactions—banks including Chemical Bank, Bank of New York, CitiBank, American Express— . . . President Clinton and Madeline Albright stepped in and intervened and stopped the entire investigation and closed all of the cases” (discussion at Taos Community Auditorium, October 12, 2002, http://www

.taosplaza.com/taosplaza/2003/pages/tmff_drugs.php).

132. Interview with Al Giordano, Multinational Monitor, April 2002, http://multi

nationalmonitor.org/mm2002/02april/april02interviewgiordano.html.

133. According to U.S. sources in 1998, “The Mexican federation of [drug] cartels alone is believed to earn between $17 and $30 billion each year” (Richard Parker, “U.S. Fickle on Anti-Narcotics Aid,” ABQJournal (Albuquerque Journal), http://www

.abqjournal.com/news/drugs/2drug3-5.htm). These estimates seem consistent with official estimates of drug consumption in the United States, in the order of $64 billion a year (Prestowitz, Rogue Nation, 259). To put the Mexican estimates in perspective, consider that the total of U.S.–Mexican trade in both directions, for the first nine months of 1996, was $94 billion.

134. CNN, July 9, 2009; Fox News, January 12, 2009.

Chapter 3: Operation Paper

1. William O. Walker III, “Drug Trafficking in Asia,” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 34, no. 3 (1992): 204.

2. William Peers [OSS/CIA] and Dean Brellis, Behind the Burma Road (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963), 64.

3. Burton Hersh, The Old Boys: The American Elite and the Origins of the CIA (New York: Scribner’s, 1992), 300.

4. Peter Dale Scott, “Mae Salong,” in Mosaic Orpheus (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2009), 45.

5. Peter Dale Scott, “Wat Pa Nanachat,” in Mosaic Orpheus, 56.

6. Vietnam Archive, Oral History Project, Interview with Bill Lair, Texas Tech University, December 12, 2001, http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/OH/OH0200/OH0200-part1.pdf. Lair also recruited for the CIA William Young, the son of American missionaries who was raised among Thai–Lao hill tribes and spoke their languages. Young also helped to improve relations between the hill tribes and the Thai government. In this effort he was succeeded by Assawin Willis Bird, the Thai-American